Summary: Vaccine and Young Girls

Rosario Y. Lopez Mrs. Walker ENG. 1301 November 02, 2012 Summary #1: HPV Vaccine Texas Tyranny Mike Adams essay, â€Å"HPV Vaccine Texas Tyranny†, demonstrates that the order made by Rick Perry, bypassing all the legislatures, to mandate the vaccination of young girls with the HPV vaccine sold by Merck, one of his contributors in his campaign, is absolutely worthless and an outright fraud. (445-447) Adams assumes that reality of all this situation is the push of profits. Adams starts to support his argument by exposing the question â€Å"why don’t pledge to give all their vaccines free of charge? (446) and he answered it with the phrase â€Å"This is all about money, not public health. †(Adams 446) What is actually happening in Texas is the beginning a form of medical tyranny, declares Adams. If people let Texas get away of this problem, more states will follow it and Merck will convince other governors to do the same actions and calling it â€Å"public healthà ¢â‚¬ . (446) Also, Adams suggest us fight this tyranny by exposing it; and there is a lot of ways to do it, such as, posting the cartoon in our web sites, making t-shirts, linking the article with others friends, etc. He wants us to take action of the young girls care.Adams debate is not only about the vaccine and the medical tyranny: it is about our health freedom to a medical system. He defends his thinking with the studies of others industries. Adams explained us that the cervical cancer is prevented in a hundred other ways. â€Å"It is really just a grand moneymaking scheme that exploits the bodies of young girls, marked to look like compassionate health care†, (447) concludes Adams. Males, Mike. †HPV Vaccine Texas Tyranny. † Perspectives on Contemporary Issues: Readings Across the Disciplines. 2006. 6e. Ed. Katherine Anne Ackley. Boston: Wadsworth/ Cengage Learning, 2012. 446-448. Print.

Edgar Allan Poe Essay

1. According to the first paragraph, what characteristics of the â€Å"Red Death† make it such a horrible disease? * The characteristics of the â€Å"Red Death† that make it such a horrible disease are the profuse amounts of blood, sharp pains, sudden dizziness, and the seizure. 2. Describe in detail Prospero’s plan for escaping the epidemic. * Prospero’s plan for escaping the epidemic was to gather a thousand hale and light-hearted friends from his court and keep them within a wall. The courtiers brought massy hammers to weld the bolts. Within the wall the people basically rejoiced to keep away from the â€Å"Red Death.† 3. What do the ebony clock and its arresting chimes add to the plot? Can you think of any symbolic value the clock might have? * 4. What symbolic evidence can you find in Poe’s use of the following? * A. the number seven – B. the use of colors, especially the black and scarlet in the seventh room – C. the movement from east to west in the sequence of the rooms and throughout the story – 5. In your opinion, how does this allusion add a layer of meaning to this story? * 6. â€Å"The want of parental affection,† wrote Poe â€Å"has been the heaviest of my trials.† Explain why Poe would make such a statement. * 7. What prominent military academy did Poe attend? Did he graduate? Why or why not? * 8. In great detail, comment on Virginia Clemm. * 9. Why is much of what we know about Poe wrong? * 10. Poe is widely known for inventing what type of story? *

An Overview Of The Relevance Theory English Language Essay

An Overview Of The Relevance Theory English Language Essay In Relevance: Communication and cognition, Sperber and Wilson (1986, 1995) present a new approach to the study of human communication. Relevance Theory is based on the view that human cognition is geared towards the maximization of relevance, and that communicated information comes with a guarantee of relevance. This is what Sperber and Wilson name the Principle of Relevance. The theory has sparked a great deal of research since it was presented, either supporting or criticizing the entire theory or some of its main arguments. The following presents an overview of Relevance Theory (henceforth RT) and outlines the main tenets of the theory. The overview outlines definitions of the main concepts and tenets which were originally presented by Sperber and Wilson (1986; 1995) and mainly comprised the originality of the theory, such as mutual manifestness, optimal relevance, and ostensive inferential communication. That is followed by a discussion of RT as a post-Gricean theory and how far it adopts or deviates from the views of Grice (1975). Sperber and Wilson present RT as a post-Gricean theory (Grice 1975). It takes as a starting point the inferential model of communication developed by Grice as opposed to the code model of communication. Sperber and Wilson (1995) argue that communication cannot be achieved by the code model alone, i.e. encoding and decoding messages, nor by the inferential model alone. They maintain that verbal communication exploits both kinds of process, as the outcome of the decoding process serves as the input to the inferential process by which the speaker’s intentions are recognized. According to the code model of communication, human languages are codes and verbal communication is achieved by encoding and decoding messages. The speaker encodes his/her message into a signal which is decoded by the hearer. Grice (1975) developed a different model of communication which is the inferential model. According to that model, the speaker pro vides evidence of his/her intention to convey a specific meaning and the hearer infers that meaning according to the evidence provided. Following the inferential model, communication is successful when the hearer interprets the evidence provided by the speaker as she intended it to mean. In cases where a single utterance provides evidence for different interpretations, this could lead to communication failure if the speaker does not inferentially derive the meaning intended by the hearer. Grice suggested that a speaker would observe what he called the Co-operative Principle and maxims of conversation to make his/her communicative intention clear for the hearer who would choose the interpretation that conforms to these maxims. The maxims are Quality, Quantity, Relevance and Manner. Coded communication, as one of the processes involved in verbal communication is viewed by Sperber and Wilson not as autonomous but subservient to the inferential process. Nevertheless, the inferential pro cess is autonomous as it functions in essentially the same way whether or not combined with coded communication. Sperber and Wilson (1995) argue that the code model is not sufficient to account for human communication because comprehension of utterances involves more than merely decoding linguistic signals. There is a gap between the semantic representation of sentences and the thoughts which are actually communicated by the speaker’s utterances. They claim that this gap is filled by inference. Nevertheless, they argue that the inferential model is not enough on its own to explain human communication. As they reject the code model as insufficient to account for communicational understanding, Sperber and Wilson (1995) propose a modified view of inferential communication in which â€Å"communication is achieved by the communicator providing evidence of her intentions and the audience inferring her intentions from the evidence† (Sperber and Wilson 1995: 24). Hence, verbal communication involves both coding and inferential processes.

How did France come to look like a consolidated democracy and why the Essay

How did France come to look like a consolidated democracy and why the fifth republic has been a relatively stable period in French history - Essay Example This partly explains why democracies, unless the freedom on which they are founded is violated, are assumed to be poorly equipped to deal with threats to their security. This antinomy currently appears to be more pronounced as both terms of the alternative have been assuming new configurations. In terms of security, two opposing trends are at work. There is on the one hand an overall sense of irenization of modern polities' internal and external order that is encapsulated in the image of the neo-Saint-Simonean "consensual/warless society," and the parent neo-Hegelian view of "'the end of history." At the domestic level, their sociopolitical foundations are no longer questioned, and conflicts over the management of the state are settled through electoral alternatives. At the external level, appeasement induced by nuclear deterrence and continued with the progress of disarmament policies was enhanced by the collapse of the communist system, which represented enmity for the West. On the other hand, a new and more ambivalent threat pattern emerged that increases the ubiquity of order and security issues. Within societies, deepening center-periphery tensions and sociological cleavages lead to the displacement of traditional civility by more frictional relationships. From withou t, menaces become more insidious, discontinuous, and multifocal, and less predictable and identifiable than before the end of bipolarity, extending on the low-intensity side of the violence spectrum and assuming unconventional aspects. Concomitantly, old-fashioned institutions and instruments of violence management, doctrines, and protocols ruling their employment, and their articulations with the state appearing less suitable and effective, call for other less orthodox means based on preemption, swiftness, and secrecy, which are generally at variance with the democratic process. The concept of democracy has been evolving also. Karl Mannheim, T. H. Marshall, and more recently Edward Shils have described its logic in advanced polities. First, rights have been extended and their nature modified to encompass almost every aspect of the individual's life. Formerly limited to civic and political contents, they became economic and social, and finally sociological and cultural so as to include security. Second, the beneficiaries of these rights, once very few, have been extended to include the farthest peripheries of the social system (even beyond, in that advocates of the so-called "natural contract" or "deep ecology" also include animals and the environment). Thus, those who until recently would not have been judged as legitimate recipients of such rights, either because they were unable to enjoy them--e.g., the child, those mentally impaired, or immigrants, or those legally deprived such as delinquents--are now considered full members of the polity. Democratic rig hts, in other words, are seen as belonging to everyone, partisans as well as adversaries of democracy. Saint-Just's famous utterance, "no freedom for the enemy of freedom," would not be applicable today. Democracy has become a holistic concept, no longer defined in a discrete manner, be it in terms of the rights composing it or in terms of its titulars. The dilemma, then, is obvious. The rightful exigency for order and

Mobile Data and Telecommunications Research Paper

Mobile Data and Telecommunications - Research Paper Example The rise of social media platforms, increase in mobile applications, and availability of applications that support the storage and transmission of huge data fosters mobile data and telecommunications. The modern mobile data and telecommunications industry in the global market encompasses variant versions of computers and cell phones that depict different applications that support the transfer of huge mobile data. The modern mobile data services include e-mail, internet, data cards, USB modems, WI-FI, Bluetooth, messaging, video conferencing, and taking pictures (RTR, 2014). This industry supports the increased use of smartphones, iPad, iPods, iPhones, and other technologies that support mobile data transfer (IBM, 2014). The mobile data and telecommunications industry offers various products and services that enhance communication, transfer of information, socialization, and entertainment. Although teenagers and young adults are the most prominent users of mobile data and telecommunic ations, the impact of this industry cuts across all generations and all sectors. Notably, the mobile data and telecommunications industry is becoming more popular in the global market subject to its diverse applications. The United States stands out as the most technologically advanced country in the world in terms of the number of mobile phone lines, number of smartphones, number of mobile phone users, number of radio and television stations, number of ocean cables, and the variety of satellite facilities. The history of mobile data and telecommunications industry dates back from the 1980s. Since its introduction in the early 1980s, the underlying mobile technology passed through three phases, known as generations to the current mobile data and telecommunications. The first generation adopted analog communication techniques, which depicts the use of (1G) phones (Cambridge University Press, n.y).

Predicting Seismic Activity with Lunar Cycles Research Paper

Predicting Seismic Activity with Lunar Cycles - Research Paper Example The observations that go against the claim will also be analyzed. Observations or logics by critics against these claims will be taken into account and these will be judged and arguments made as to the strength of these claims. In the end the credibility of the predictions will be based on the evidence collected by forces pointing in favor or against this claim. The paper will be considering the lunar cycles linked with seismic activity. Minor factors used by Jim Berkland will be mentioned but the main focus will be relationship between lunar cycles and seismic activity. Predicting Seismic Activity with Lunar Cycles Introduction The earthquakes have devastating potential. The process is researched upon in detail and various theories and factors are presented over the years. The most accepted model for earthquakes is the theory of plate tectonics. The model, however, needs to be updated and many other factors contributing to earthquake that has been observed over the years needs to be incorporated. Investigations for involvement of new forces possible in earthquake predictions are under process. Some of the new indicators include the changes in ionosphere, radon emissions (radioactive element Rn 86), Earth’s magnetic field displacement and even animal behavior. These are just few indicators. Research over the years has and numbers of facts indicate the involvement of sun and moon in triggering earthquakes. As by (Pasichnyk, 2002) â€Å"In Tome Three, plate tectonics, more commonly known as continental drift, was discussed that brought forth the understanding that electrostatic forces are at work in producing tectonic plates’ dynamics. This understanding correlates solar activity and lunar phases and cycles with the triggering of earthquakes†. The subject of earthquake prediction, however, has been a matter of intense debate. There does not seem to be a general consensus. Different papers by Wyss (1997), Geller (1997), Scholz (1997) demonstra te diversity of the subject. Various seismologists base their predictions on different factors and observations. These predictions as per (Allen, 1976) must â€Å"Specify time window, space window, magnitude window, some indication of author’s confidence in reliability of prediction, indication of chances of earthquake occurring anyway as a random event and must be written and presented in accessible form so that data on failures are as easily obtained as data on success†. Bases of Predictions by Jim Berkland Jim Berkland bases his earthquake predictions mainly on the effects of gravitational tugs of the moon, sun and other planets. He also takes into account animal behavior as an indicator for an upcoming earthquake. Berkland has accurately predicted tremors based on these factors. His logics for the effects of lunar cycles on Earth’s seismic activity are discussed as under and each factor is analyzed in detail. Tides The gravitational pull of the moon is respo nsible for the ocean tides. This pull also acts on the crust; however, the effect is not enough. Recent studies have shown correlation between tides and earthquakes. Study by (Cochran, 2004) describes this relation â€Å"Study using global data hinted at an earthquake-tide correlation, suggesting that reverse and normal earthquakes correlate either with shear stress or the trace of the stress†. This correlation as per studies and observations

Modern Artist - Constantin Brancusi Research Paper

Modern Artist - Constantin Brancusi - Research Paper Example The paper "Modern Artist - Constantin Brancusi" investigates Constantin Brancusi's art. He was strongly influenced from the African and oriental art and most of this work pieces also reflect his admiration towards them. Some of his prominent works include Sleeping Muse (1908), The Kiss (1908), Prometheus (1911), Mademoiselle Pogany (1913), The Newborn (1915), Bird in Space (1919) and The Column of the Infinite that is commonly called with the name The Endless Column (1938).Keeping in view his interesting in wood carving, initially he got the training as a carpenter and stonemason. However, when he settled in Paris he recognized his great interest and capabilities in sculpture making. Brancusi has been regarded among the prominent central figures of the modern movements. He pioneered abstraction and paves the way towards the evolution of new genre in the field of art. Brancusi strived to make simple work pieced using few basic elements. He was also admired by the work of August Rodin however, he was most interested in searching for pure form and in the end he succeeded to convey the sense of gravity through his work pieces making from few basic elements. His art work is not only praised for the visual elegance but he also showed the sensitive use of material blended with direct peasant carving and Parisian Avant-grade. His style was based upon his non-conventional approach towards art and creation of art pieces. He believes that main purpose of art work in to reveal the hidden truth.

Research proposal nursing Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Nursing - Research Proposal Example For ischemia of soft tissue to come about, the pressure in the external part of the body must exceed the pressure in the capillaries so as to obstruct the flow of blood. The minimum pressure for which the capillaries would close is about 32mmHg. Despite the fact, that high pressure interface is a factor that is pertinent; the duration of time that is on promoting skin integrity would also play a significant part. In most cases, duration of monetary awards is by the period of time taken to promote skin integrity. A study that was done by Bain and Ferguson-Pell in 2002 explained that high pressure for a short length of time and low pressure for a longer length of time would lead to damage of the pressure. A number of studies advanced in this field have attempted to explain whether the duration of skin integrity could be a possible risk factor for a monetary award to CNAs/GNAs. Some studies like those for Guy 2004, Nasolpel 2004, Schoonhaven and Defloor 2002, Lewicki 2007, Morrison 2001 , Amonovitch 2006, Stevens 2004, and Schoonhaven 2002 studied the duration of skin integrity and concluded that it was not an exclusive factor for a monetary award to CNAs/GNAs (Guy, 2004). Vanderwee and Gunningberg in 2007, involved 500 Participants in a study. The study assessed variables like duration of surgery and co morbidities. This author utilized an analysis tool which identified the likelihood of various variables, which may affect the monetary award to CNAs/GNAs development. ... 2004, Schoonhaven and Defloor 2002, Lewicki 2007, Morrison 2001, Amonovitch 2006, Stevens 2004, and Schoonhaven 2002 studied the duration of skin integrity and concluded that it was not an exclusive factor for a monetary award to CNAs/GNAs (Guy, 2004). Vanderwee and Gunningberg in 2007, involved 500 Participants in a study. The study assessed variables like duration of surgery and co morbidities. This author utilized an analysis tool which identified the likelihood of various variables, which may affect the monetary award to CNAs/GNAs development. The Participants' mean age was forty seven years, with the age range of the Participants being 13- 86 years. The recorded duration of skin integrity promotion was lower by 228.7% of the subjects, 29.9% of the Participants, 26% of the sample. The author performed a postoperative assessment and the other performed a preoperative assessment. Of all the cases that were assessed the only predictor of monetary award to CNAs/GNAs was the skin inte grity promoter. The author concluded that skin integrity is with a monetary award to CNAs/GNAs development. However, other studies in this topic do not confirm the association of skin integrity and monetary award to CNAs/GNAs. For instance a study made by Vanderwee and Gunningberg in 2007on 100 Participants, where by a number of pressures ulcer risk factors were assessed. The average age of the participants was 50 years and the age range of the Participants was between 30- 80. After strict assessment of the Participants, the author did not discover any cases of monetary award to CNAs/GNAs action. The author, therefore, concluded that the skin integrity is not an exclusive risk factor for a monetary award to CNAs/GNAs development (Guy, 2004). Description of design Research Approach My study

Financial Accounting questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial Accounting questions - Assignment Example With goodwill, new avenues open up for the company and it’s able to tap into fresh opportunities. Clients of a company are usually more willing to forgive it when it makes a mistake if it has built a good relationship with them. If a company ever needs to liaise with others or expand or sell, with goodwill it’s much easier to get partners and buyers for the business due to the trust placed in it. Goodwill places the company ahead of competition as customers are more likely to favour the company with goodwill when making a decision on which products and services to consume (Weil, Schip & Francis, 2014). As interest rates rise, prices of bonds fall and when interest rates drop, bond prices rise. This is due to the concept of opportunity cost. Investors compare the returns they are getting on their present investments to other investments in the market. A bond coupon rate is fixed; therefore investors are ready to pay extra or less for a bond depending on how attractive the interest rates. Suppose a company offers a new issue of bonds carrying a 7%coupon which is $70 a year in interest. If you purchase a $1000, then later, interest rates go up to 8%, it means the interest will be $80 and buyers will be less willing to pay the face value of $1000 for the bond and you would have to offer it at a discount. However, if interest rates fell, it would be more attractive to prospective buyers as it would be carrying a higher interest rate than whatever is already in the market. Leasing might be preferred by a company because it eases up the cash flow of the company that can be directed to other operating activities. It also takes a shorter time compared to purchasing which involves a long and tedious procurement process. With leasing, the costs are spread over a long time and can thus be matched to the company’s income. The interest rates are agreed upon beforehand hence

Referee report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Referee report - Essay Example The study found that M & As provides a positive impact on systemic risks for the transfer function estimation based on aggregate Z-score. Other evidence from the history and empirical findings favoured the efficiency hypothesis as opposed to the hypothesis of the imminent failure. The authors assessed how Banking system over relying on merger guidelines based on Herfndahl-Hirshman Index might curb the possibility of increasing risks associated with M & As. The understanding of risks and stability for banks undergoing merger and acquisition has drawn immense attention hence widely published in the banking empirical literature. The area of study is important for strategies in the banking sectors as well as the investors to devise methods that assess the possibilities of securing risks or attaining stability after merger and acquisition. Most of the empirical and theoretical framework was relevant with the exception of a few materials and concepts used by the author. However, I believe the area studied is very important. Therefore, I wish to illustrate and give my personal views as follows: 1. I am not sure whether the probabilistic model proposed and developed by the author as a mean of analysing the relationship between the systemic stability and the merger of banking system can provide the function it was proposed to offer. 2. The reason relates to the description of the model. The authors assert that the model uses a theoretical framework in establishing the differences between the imminent failure hypothesis and the efficiency hypothesis. One would wonder how they measured the levels of failure in the banks. Using financial distress, and bank failure as the indicator is relative and not objective. 3. Besides the model uses the assumption that when banks have low levels of probability for failure, they are likely to experience reduced systemic crises, and contagious bank runs, which were not substantiated appropriately as would be expected (Carlton and

Marley is warning Scrooge Essay Example for Free

Marley is warning Scrooge Essay Charles Dickens wrote A Christmas Carol in October 1843. It was the voice of the poor in London at that period. There was a great divide between the classes, Dickens wrote a Christmas Carol so that his readers could learn about the class divide and the suffering of the poor in London; Dickens shows the contrast very well in A Christmas Carol. Dickens came from a family who experienced debt. Charles younger years where evidently very hard, although he quoted that himself and his family loved Christmas and celebrated it with a smile, even thought he family lived on a low wage. When Dickens started to write A Christmas Carol he often walked the streets of London gathering ideas and looking at the poor people living in their slums. There is no doubt that Dickens life encouraged him to write A Christmas Carol, his father was thrown in prison for being in debt and Charles had to work at a boot blackening factory on the banks of the Thames. In A Christmas Carol we meet Scrooge a tight fisted and very rich man, who lived life on as little as possible so not to waste his well earned money. In a Christmas carol he is a caricature the worst possible person anyone could have met. Dickens lists negatives in the story to display the kind of man he is; Scrooge was a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous old sinner Dickens also uses similes to describe him through out the book, it begins on a simile as dead as a door nail this is a clichi d simile a simile that is constantly used in common vocabulary. Dickens used a clichi because the poor and uneducated would have recognised and enjoyed his language, and the wealthy would realize the unarguable nature of the fact. He also uses then to describe Scrooge he was as solitary as an oyster he refuses to speak with anyone long terms at the start of the book, Dickens writes that even blind mans dogs even hide form him, backing up that scrooge was a caricature. Scrooge plays the part of the upper classes in London, not noticing the divide in society. The upper classes believed that the poor where too lazy to work. Therefore the Victorians created workhouses a place where the poor worked for a bed and food for them self and their families. These places were help slightly by the work of the philanthropists. Scrooge also does not like philanthropists people who want to collect money to help the poor are there no prisons? asked Scrooge. The Treadmill and the Poor Law are in full vigour, then? said Scrooge. Both very busy, sir. This show that Scrooge considers money over human welfare, and that he does not want to learn about the plight of the poor; this reflects the views of many wealthy businessmen of the day. Im very glad to hear it answers Scrooge to help the philanthropists regarding the workhouse. Many cant go there; and many would rather die. This depicts the truly callous side to the class division. If they would rather die, said Scrooge, they had better do it, and decrease the surplus population. The poor law was the only way of collecting money for the poor, and this tax was so very little that it hardly helped any of the poor or needy. The first ghost Scrooge is haunted by is that of his old business partner Jacob Marley. He warns of three other ghosts that will haunt Scrooge in the coming night. Jacob and Scrooge ran the business of loan agents their aim was to target the poor people of London lending them large amounts of money, money these people could ill afford and when the deadline came to pay him back; and may couldnt they where thrown into prison and their belongings sold. Marley wore chains I wear the chain I forged in life, said Marley I made it link by link, and yard by yard; I girded it on of my own free will, and of my own free will I wore it. Marley wore the chains because of every bad thing he did in his lifetime another link was added to the chain. This shows us that Marley was not a kind person. Is its pattern strange to you? The ghost questions Scrooge. Marley is warning Scrooge that when he dies he shall have a chain of his own due to all his bad deeds. Marley states that making money was his business mankind was my business At one oclock, the ghost appears, the features of the ghost were ever changing an old man a young child. This portrays the two ages that would suffer the most at Christmas time; it also shows the in fluctuation between past Scrooges youth and the present -Scrooge nowadays.

Death Cap mushroom Essay Example for Free

Death Cap mushroom Essay If you took RNA polymerase out of the equation? Human cells use RNA polymerase to make a template of a cell’s DNA. It is one of the first steps in the process of eventual protein production. RNA is the enzyme that makes RNA chains using genes found in DNA as a pattern. These specific genetic codes are  expressed on mRNA. When the toxin blocks the action of RNA  polymerase, it by default, stops the production of mRNA in the transcription phase. mRNA, if available, goes on to the translation phase and is read by tRNA. In the reading of the mRNA pattern, tRNA matches the correct amino acid to that specific pattern. The amino acids are read and placed three at a time to match the mRNA codon. From these codon of amino acids, polypeptides are formed with the help of the cell’s ribosome. In turn, these polypeptides form to make proteins. (Hudon-Miller, 2012) What’s the big deal about protein? Proteins, the performers of the cell, cause action at all levels of cellular functioning. At the cellular level protein is needed to reproduce that cell, for cell structure and functioning. Proteins are also used as enzymes to begin other biochemical functions that affect everything from immunity to electrolyte balance. The liver’s function has decreased because the proteins needed to make it’s cells work have been blocked by alpha-amanitin’s ability to stop protein production simply by blocking the function of RNA polymerase. These proteins are so important that without them you die as they destroy first your body’s filters, the liver and the kidneys. (Hudon-Miller, 2012; Santi, et al., 2012) References Luca Santi, Caterina Maggioli, Marianna Mastroroberto, Manuel Tufoni, Lucia Napoli, and Paolo Caraceni, â€Å"Acute liver failure caused by amanita phalloides poisoning.† International Journal of Hepatology, vol. 2012, Article ID 487480, 6 pages, 2012. doi:10.1155/2012/487480 Hudon-Miller, S. (2012) Death cap mushrooms. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=vXONgeDC31Afeature=youtu.be

Management Of Pressure Ulcers In Elderly Patients

Management Of Pressure Ulcers In Elderly Patients Pressure ulcers are an injury that damages skin and the layer(s) of tissue beneath, which have been exposed to pressure (NHS, 2014). They can occur in patients of varied ages; however, the most vulnerable age group who are at risk of developing pressure ulcers are patients aged 75 and above (Hope, 2014). Elderly patients tend to have co-morbidities due to the ageing process, which can sometimes leave them with limited mobility or bedridden and this then can put them at further risk of developing pressure ulcers (Jaul, 2010). Due to having a growing elderly population, it is extremely important to address the risks of pressure ulcers. There is no particular environment in which pressure ulcers occur, as they are a concern in all settings where social care is being provided, medical treatments are carried out including private homes. This paper will review the evidence regarding the risks and management of pressure ulcers. The focus of this paper will be elderly patients and the follo wing topics will be discussed; risk assessment, patient assessment, pressure recognition and removal, non-surgical treatments/advice, complications of pressure ulcers and surgery. On recognition of a pressure ulcer or the possibility of one developing on a patient, a suitably trained health or medical professional should do a documented risk assessment (NICE, 2014). This risk assessment should cover two interlinking areas, risk factors and signs/symptoms. It is important to assess an elderly patients current health status and not just the status of their health as documented previously on records or on admittance to see a professional, as a variety of factors can affect the development of a pressure ulcer some factors more rapidly than others. Questioning into previous medical history and also looking at previous medical notes is often very informative and usually allows the professional to know of any co-morbidity which could present a further risk or act as an indirect cause of the development of a pressure ulcer. Diabetes and musculoskeletal disorders are often flagged up on assessments as a factor which can impact a pressure ulcer (Benbow, 2012). Sometime s due to the elderly patient suffering from a type of dementia, their ability to communicate or remember life events deteriorates and therefore they cannot provide the professional assessing the ulcer with key medical information. Also, some patients may be in trauma or are not conscious; this, again, makes the information gathering stage of the patients current health status difficult for the assessing professional. In such complex cases, the patients wider network such as relations or the multi-disciplinary team of health and social care professionals who have previously supported the patient may have more knowledge on the patients life history. Nursing home staff are required by the Care Quality Commission to keep records of their residents care plans and more specialist homes have routine logs written about their residents; these often can act as a good indicator of physical, mental and behavioural status and changes which have occurred with the elderly patient (CQC, 2015). Determining any other condition which an elderly patient may suffer from is important, because this needs to be considered in the patients care plan and management of the Pressure ulcer as it could have direct impact on the healing of a pressure ulcer. For example, if the elderly patient has diabetes, their wound healing process maybe prolonged (Leik, 2013). Furthermore, as elderly individuals have thinner skin; this already puts them at greater risk of skin damage due to pressure. Musculoskeletal disease such as osteoarthritis is usually diagnosed in elderly individuals and it can limit the mobility of the patient or their ability to do specific activities (NHS, 2014). This may result in patients being in the same position for long periods of time, which may then put pressure on that area of the body, putting them at greater risk of developing a pressure ulcer. Also, elderly individuals who are less mobile are more likely to have poor circulation, which can impact on the time taken for a pressure ulcer to heal. Therefore, blood flow should also be taken into consideration when doing the risk assessment. Above are some examples of how the management of Pressure ulcers can become complex; there are more diseases such as terminal diseases and other medical conditions that need to be taken into consideration when planning the care or prevention of a pressure ulcer. Often both the lack of nutritional intake and loss of weight are two interrelated common concerns in elderly patients, unless the cause is due to a different factor such as underlying pathology of disease. Therefore, in addition to including these factors in the risk assessment, health education to encourage the patient to eat needs to be provided to the patient, their relations and health and social care staff supporting the patient. Health advice/education/guidance is important because an underweight elderly individual is more likely to have less tissue around their bones and possibly poorer blood vessel quality, hence making them more at risk of damage from pressure and also poorer healing (MNT, 2014). Also, a lack of protein in an elderly patients diet, which supports tissue growth and repair, can also cause greater damage to their skin from pressure. Low nutritional intake can also cause fatigue and frailty in elderly individuals and this can impact an elderly individuals engage ment and ability to do daily activities (Morelli and Sidani, 2011), hence impacting their psycho-social status, which may disengage them from supporting their own health, whether it be by following the guidance of a medical practitioner or by being active in their healthcare decisions generally (Morelli and Sidani, 2011). This then can make patient centred care difficult for those providing care for the elderly patient, as patient choice/preference is compromised and indication of pain, which is usually expressed verbally via description or recommended pain scales such as Braden or Waterlow, may not also be provided by the patient (Nice, 2014 and Benbow, 2012). Therefore, the patients involvement in managing the pressure ulcer is vital. Pain management is difficult in Pressure ulcer management if the elderly individual has an altered perception of pain due to a spinal cord injury or other related nerve damage injuries. This may prevent the patient from recognizing that they have an ulcer developing, hence delaying the treatment of the ulcer (MNT, 2014). Therefore, it is good practice if the elderly individual is a patient in hospital to routinely ask the patient if they have seen any abnormalities on their skin and also recommend them to change positions regularly. Alongside the detailed risk assessment, a pressure ulcer assessment/skin assessment should be done on recognition of a pressure ulcer developing. This is not only to manage the Pressure ulcer but also to be aware of those individuals who may have difficulty, as mentioned above, in detecting changes in their skin or possibly even possess a disability. Complaints of pain from the patient should be considered in the skin assessment, followed by a categorization of the ulcer as a stage 1,2,3 or 4 Pressure ulcer (NICE, 2014). This will include assessing discolouration, variations in heat, firmness and skin moisture. The categorization of the Pressure ulcer is extremely important because it allows suitable preventative measures to be put within the individuals care planning, to try to maintain the skins integrity and to support healing (NHS, 2014). The overall patient assessment will directly impact decisions on the frequency of positioning for the patient and the suitability of the support surface on which the patient is sitting or lying (Benbow, 2012). These changes are vital to pressure removal and hence, managing the development of the Pressure ulcer better because they will be included in a repositioning timetable that health and social care professionals will work to as part of the care plan. The frequency of positioning varies based on the risk, patients physical ability/state and also their acceptance to be regularly repositioned; for example, a patient in a wheelchair may need to be repositioned every 15 minutes due to the pressure of sitting in the same position for long periods of time. Elderly patients who are bedridden should be repositioned every couple of hours, depending on the need determined in the risk assessment (NICE, 2014). A physiotherapist can often advise on repositioning that will be safe and that will also allow pressure release. Equipment can also support pressure removal. Cushions on wheelchairs not only provide comfort but they can also lessen the pressure on the hip and upper leg area of the body. However, some specialists advise that air, water or foam filled support devices are better than traditional cushions (Benbow, 2012). Small pillows/foam pads can also support areas of the body from touching each other, such as between the knees or ankles. These can also be used for comfort and support when laying in different angled positions; for example, when a patient is lying on their side, their legs may need further support (Benbow, 2012). Reclining chairs/automated chairs can also be set at different positions to support pressure removal. Patients, relatives and supporting professionals need to ensure that the skin of the patient is regularly checked, as repositioning regularly can also cause skin damage due to the skin of an elderly individual being thinner. Specialised mattresses can also reduce pressure in comparison to standard mattresses. Furthermore, some specialist mattresses can be connected to an air flow system which can automatically regulate the pressure, hence making the care and management of pressure ulcers in bedridden patients easier for health professionals or carers/relatives. This may be a change that medical/health professionals recommend to elderly patients at home or even for patients in long term care/rehabilitation; however, research is still lacking on how much contribution mattress change actually has on directly lessening the risk of pressure ulcer development (Vanderwee et al, 2008 and UCSF, 2011) in comparison to other cost effective changes. Depending on the wound of the ulcer and the skin damage, often dressings and ointments are used to manage the pressure ulcer and to manage infection. Antibiotics may be prescribed, but not often, as usually antiseptic creams can be applied directly on the wound to prevent the spread of infection to connecting tissues. Ointments and creams may also be used to prevent or treat skin damage such as incontinence-associated dermatitis. The skin assessment should be able to identify those at risk of developing such dermatitis, as these patients often have one or more of the following conditions: incontinence, oedema or dry skin (NICE, 2014). Dressings which have been specially designed to promote wound healing and cell regrowth should be used on a pressure ulcer wound. Examples of suitable dressings include hydrocolloid dressings and aliginate dressings (NHS, 2014). These dressings also can support the regulation of skin moisture, which is important to manage the Pressure ulcer. Research an d development into wound repair technology is advancing and specially designed dressings give less trauma to the patient upon removal. Therefore, the correct dressing is vital as unsuitable dressings may cause further skin breakdown. As briefly mentioned earlier in this paper, the patients diet may need altering to ensure that the elderly patient is taking nutrients which will support wound healing. Hydration is also important to maintain skin moisture and avoid flaky skin (Convatec, 2012). Hydrotherapy can also be used to keep skin clean, with possible natural removal of dead cells. In some cases, the wound healing process may be compromised due to necrotic tissue and this dead tissue will need to be removed via a debridement method. Debridement methods vary depending on the clinical situation. Larvae therapy can be used as an alternative method to debridement; this therapy consists of putting maggots on the wound for a few days via a dressing and gauze. Maggots can also promote healing due to the release of a substance that kills bacteria. Sometimes when grade 3 or 4 Pressure Ulcer wounds do not heal or they become complicated cases, surgery is needed. This is usually either surgery which directly closes the wound or flap reconstruction. To conclude, this paper has attempted to cover the overall management of pressure ulcers in elderly patients. Despite, the treatments and clinical practice carried out by medical/health professionals being similar to younger patients, the risks of pressure ulcer development and healing due to the ageing process are different. Also, co-morbidity is more identifiable in elderly patients and skin structure/composition differs due to the thinning of the skin. There are clear guidelines on managing pressure ulcers by NICE; however, further research needs to be done to optimize the management of pressure ulcers in elderly patients (Cullum, 2013). Bibliography Benbow, M. (2012) Management of Pressure ulcers. [Online] Available from:Â  http://www.nursinginpractice.com/article/management-pressure-ulcers Care Quality Commission. (2015) Regulation 17 – good governance. [Online] Available from:Â  http://www.cqc.org.uk/content/regulation-17-good-governance Convatec. (2012) The Role of Modern Wound Dressings in Stage I Pressure Ulcers and Patients at Risk of Pressure Ulcer Formation. [Online] Available from:Â  http://www.convatec.co.uk/media/9572137/aquacel-foam-dressing-shown-to-protect-against-ski-11546.pdf Cullum, N. (2013) Study reveals pressure ulcer research uncertainties. [Online] Available from:Â  http://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/news/article/?id=10016 Jaul, E. (2010) Assessment and management of pressure ulcers in the elderly: current strategies. Journal of Drugs and Aging. 27 (4). p. 311-325. Leik, M.T.C. (2013) Adult-Gerontology Nurse Practitioner Certification Intensive Review: Fast Facts and Practice Questions. 2nd ed. Springer Publishing Company: New York. Medical News Today. (2014) What are bedsores (pressure ulcers)? What causes bed sores? [Online] Available from:Â  http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/173972.php Morelli, V and Sidani, M. (2011) Fatigue and Chronic Fatigue in the Elderly: Definitions, Diagnoses, and treatments. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine. 27 (4). p. 673 – 686. National Health Institute. (2014) Osteoarthritis. [Online] Available from:Â  http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/osteoarthritis/Pages/Introduction.aspx National Health Service. (2014) Pressure ulcers – Treatment. [Online] Available from:Â  http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Pressure-ulcers/Pages/Treatment.aspx National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2014) Pressure ulcers: prevention and management of pressure ulcers. [Online] Available from:Â  https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg179/resources/guidance-pressure-ulcers-prevention-and-management-of-pressure-ulcers-pdf University of California at San Francisco. (2011) A critical analysis of Patient Safety Practices – evidence report no.43. [Online] Available from:Â  http://archive.ahrq.gov/clinic/ptsafety Vanderwee, K, Grypdonck, M, Defloor, T. (2008) Alternating pressure air mattresses as prevention for pressure ulcers: A literature review. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 45 (5). p. 784-801

Thrust Vectoring :: War Technology Technological Essays

Thrust Vectoring Imagine two US Air Force Jets with controls not responding, they are heading right for each other, the pilots don’t have enough time to eject, there’s a mid-air explosion, and the needless death of American servicemen. About one fifth of peacetime fighter losses during the past few years were due to loss of control. Now imagine that the US has been developing the technology to prevent this for the last decade, but due to budget problems this technology was never installed on our fighters. I’m talking about a Thrust Vectoring. This engineering term describes the use of an engines nozzle to direct the force coming from a jet engine in different directions other then straight out the back. Besides tragic, needless deaths, this technology has a military significance for front line fighter jets. With the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, Americans have seen the devastating power of our Air Force on Countries without a serious Air Defense network, like Is rael or Great Britain. These are countries with not just a Surface to Air Missile (SAM) threat, but an Air Force that can rival ours in its current state. Thrust Vectoring is the technology that will make our fighter jets true rulers of the air, not just on bombing runs, but air-to-air combat, better know as â€Å"Dog Fighting†. Thrust Vectoring was first used in a trivial form on Nazi Germany’s V-2 rockets. These rockets were devastating to the Allies in WWII with their accuracy due to graphite control vanes that helped the guidance of the missile. Modern rockets, both SAMs and Air-to-Air missiles have been using thrust vectoring to increase their agility in flight, and hence make them more lethal. During the Cold War German military planers recognized the shear numbers of Soviet fighters, and believing that any war would include intense Dog Fighting, began to look for ways to even the odds. Wolfgang Herbst with the Messerschmitt-Boelkow-Blohm, now Deutsche Aerospace, Company led a team in Post-Stall engineering. Post-Stall describes a flight condition in which normal flight controls, like flaps, are no longer sufficient to maintain the flight ability of the aircraft. His team investigated new flight laws to describe the movement of an aircraft in Post-Stall flying conditions.

The Randomness of Love and Baseball :: A Kind of Love Sports Athletics Essays

The Randomness of Love and Baseball Generally the terms love, baseball, immigration, and poetry are not mentioned within the same text. However, according to Andrei Codrescu, author of the essay â€Å"A Kind of Love†, all these subjects are related. The only problem is that Codrescu fails to make these connections obvious to his audience. He also fails in making the purpose of his essay known and therefore is unsuccessful in whatever goal he intended. Codrescu’s essay fails because of its misuse of pathos, its overbearing connotative language and, simply, its random nature. â€Å"A Kind of Love† starts off as the title suggests it might. Codrescu talks about how there are many different kinds of love and how his love for baseball fits into one of these categories. He then goes on a sporadic journey discussing several issues that have no logical connection to each other. He talks about his struggle as an immigrant to get his citizenship. Then he jumps to how baseball is extremely literary and can be compared to poetry. Then, to even more random issues such as the history of baseball, the language of the game, and he even goes as far as proclaiming a sense of sexuality in baseball. There is absolutely no flow to Codrescu’s writing and his loose ends do nothing but ensure that there will be no tying together of his random thoughts. Codrescu uses an over bearing amount of connotative language in his essay, which makes knowing exactly what he means hard to understand. He uses several examples of famous writers, philosophers, and even places. Dawson, Malamud, Edgar Allan Poe, and Freud, were just some of these famous people who were mentioned. Codrescu assumes that everyone in his audience is aware and knowledgeable on every subject he mentions, which in most cases is an unrealistic assumption on his behalf. He uses words that relate to a deeper, symbolic meaning from personal emotional associations so much that the reader becomes lost in translation. There is no doubt that Codrescu uses the strategy of pathos to appeal to his audience. He starts this off very well by giving very real and vivid descriptions of what it was like for him to witness his first baseball game. He recalls where the game was played, when it was played and who was playing. He also remembers sitting there, in the stands, knowing nothing about the game and not even being able to tell who was scoring and when.

Ethanol as an Alternative Energy Source Essays -- Biofuel Bio Fuel Ess

Biofuels: Ethanol an Alternative Energy Source Abstract In today's society, when someone wants to go to the movies, work, school, library, or mall, they drive to their destination. The average amount of gasoline consumed per year is about 146 gallons in the U.S. (Biofuels for Transportation, p1). Discoveries of huge petroleum deposits kept gasoline cheap for decades and biofuels were forgotten (Leen, p1). However, with the recent oil prices, along with growing concern of global warming caused by carbon dioxide emissions, biofuel regained popularity (Leen, p1). Ethanol, a renewable fuel made from plants was added to gasoline to increase octane and help the engines burn more efficiently and cleanly (West,p1). Introduction Ethanol or ethyl alcohol (EtOH) is an alternative energy source which produces a fuel with higher octane rating and fewer emissions than unblended gas (West, p1). Some sources used to make ethanol are sugar canes, maize, sorghum, fruit and vegetable waste, barley, wheat, potatoes, molasses, cotton, or any other plant that contains a large amount of sugar. But the leading U.S fuel crop is corn. Corn byproducts allow more fuel to be made from the same amount of corn by breaking down the starches in its cell walls (Benefits, p3). The enzyme Tran 2 increases production of alcohol from corn by 2% to 3% (Benefits, p3). There are four steps toward making ethanol. First, the feedstock is ground for easier processing, then when the sugar is dissolved from the ground materials, the microbes feed on the sugar producing ethanol and carbon dioxide as byproducts (West, p2). Lastly, the ethanol is purified to achieve the correct concentration (West, p3). This grain alcohol is a colorless and flammable as well as drin... ...http://journey tofor ever.org/ethanol.html>. 2. Martinez, Scott. Ethanol. 12 Sept 2005. WiseGeeks, Wisegeek.com/ what-is-ethanol-fuel.htm>, 22 July 2008. 3. Sunshine John. What is Ethanol Fuel? 8 July 2008. Ethanol. 20 July 2008. . 4. Unknown. Biofuels. Alternative Energy. 25 July 2008. . 5. Unknown. Genomes to Life. 2007 July 10. Biofuels for Transportation. 19 July 2008. . 6. Unknown. The Benefits of Biomass. 2006 Sept 18. Bioenergy. 18 July 2008. . 7. West, Lester. What is Ethanol? 13 March 2005. About. 17 July 2008. ethanol.htm>.

The evolution of management accounting

This paper starts with introducing importance of management accounting literature and reviews the historical development of cost accounting from 1850 through 2000, includes origin of management accounting and controlling practices. In addition it identifies the management accounting theoretical development, and the main critiques that shapes the development of management accounting, thus creating a ground for future research or reviews.As well as it presents challenge existed in the field and concludes by advocating field-based research to discover the innovative ractices being introduced by organizations successfully adapting to the new organization and technology of manufacturing. 1. Introduction 1. 1 Importance of knowing the literature A wealth of literature exists regarding the historical development and evolution of management accounting so accountants have many reasons to study this literature. It helps them to understand the sources of many of today's practices; it leads to r ediscovery of old ideas that have been lost.It enables one to support proposal with past writings quoting from an important work and can help them to sell a proposal or ive credence to an idea. As with study of any literature, it provides accountants with opportunities to improve their verbal abilities, both written and oral and familiarizes accountants with the intellectuals and innovators who have shaped how account proactive their profession in addition it illustrates the state of the professionalism of the field and leads them to an awareness of the controversial topics in the field.In addition to the financial summaries, the railroads developed a system of reporting operating statistics for evaluating and con-trolling the performance of their sub-units. Statistics such as cost per ton-mile and the operating ratio (operating in-come divided by sales) were routinely reported for various sub-units and classes of service. Later in the 1880s, the newly formed mass distribution [Chan dler, 1977, Chapter 7(cited on R. kaplan1984)] and mass production enterprises adapted the internal accounting reporting systems ot the railroads to their own organizations.The nationwide wholesale and retail distributors produced highly detailed data on sales turnover by department and by geographic area, generating performance reports very similar to those that would be sed 100 years later to monitor the performance of revenue centers in the firm. Mass production enterprises formed in the 1880s for the manufacture of tobacco products, matches, detergents, photographic film, and flour. Most important was the emergence of the metal-making and fabricating industries.Andrew Carnegie's steel company was a particularly good example of the importance of cost accounting information for managing the enterprise. Shinn's [the general manager's] major achievement was the development of statistical data needed for coordination and control. Shinn did this in part by introducing the voucher syst em of ac-counting hich though it had long been used by railroads was not yet in general use in manufacturing concerns. By this method, each department listed the amount and cost of materials and labor used on each order as it passed through the sub-unit.Such information per-mitted Shinn to send Carnegie monthly statements and, in time, even daily ones providing data on the costs of ore, limestone, coal, coke, pig iron, Spiegel, molds, refractoriness, repairs, fuel, and labor for each ton of rails produced. These cost sheets [were] called â€Å"marvels of ingenuity and careful accounting. † These cost sheets were Carnegie's primary instrument of control. Costs ere Carnegie's obsession†¦. Carnegie concentrated . .. on the cost side of the operating ratio, comparing current costs of each operating unit with those of previous months, and where possible, with those of other enterprises†¦.These controls were effective†¦.. â€Å"The minutest details of cost of materi als and labor in every department appeared from day to day and week to week in the accounts; and soon every man about the place was made to realize it. The men felt and often remarked that the eyes of the company were always on them through the books. † In addition to using their cost sheets to evaluate the performance of department anagers, foremen and men, Carnegie, Shinn and Jones relied on them to check the quality and mix of raw materials.They used them to evaluate improvements in process and in product and to make decisions on developing by-products. In pricing, particularly non standardized items like bridges, cost-sheets were invaluable. The company would not accept a contract until its costs were carefully estimated [Chandler, 1977, pp. 267-268] (cited on R kaplan1984). Interestingly, the development of these elaborate cost reporting and estimation schemes by the 1880s focused exclusively on direct labor and materials, what we call today prime or direct costs; hat is, little attention was paid to overhead and capital costs.Carnegie's concern was almost wholly with prime costs. He and his associates appear to have paid almost no attention to overhead and depreciation. This too reflected on the railroad experience. As on the railroads, administrative over-head and sales expenses were comparatively small and estimated in a rough fashion. Likewise, Carnegie relied on replacement accounting by charging re-pair, maintenance, and renewals to operating costs. Carnegie had, therefore, no certain way of determining capital invested in his plant nd equipment.As on the railroads, he evaluated performance in terms of the operating ratio (the cost of operations as a percentage of sales) and profits in terms ot a percentage ot book value ot stock issues [ n I , 1977, p. 268 (cited on C and er R. kaplan 1984)]. Thus, cost accounting practice in the late 1800s did not include the allocation of fixed costs to products or to periods. Despite the enormous capital i nvested in these new manufacturing enterprises, there was apparently no systematic method for forecasting investments or coordinating and monitoring capital investment.Andrew Carnegie is reported to have undertaken almost any new investment that would reduce his prime operating costs: Carnegie's operating strategy was to push his own direct cost below those of all competitors so that he could charge prices that would always ensure enough demand to keep his plant running at full capacity†¦. Secure in his knowledge that his costs were the lowest in the industry, Carnegie then engaged in merciless price cutting during economic recessions. While competing firms went under, he still made profits [Johnson, 1981, p. 515] (cited on R. kaplan1984).Management accounting development was highly nfluenced by scientific management theory, based on which accounting received academic basis and directions for purposeful development (Chatfield, 1977 cited on Darius Gliaubicas (2012)) The scienti fic management movement in American industry provided a major impetus to the further development of cost accounting practices [Chandler, 1977, pp. 272-283] cited on R. kapaln(1984)). The major fgures in this movement were engineers who, by detailed Job analyses and time and motion studies, determined â€Å"scientific† standards for the amount of labor and material required to produce a given unit of output.These standards were used to provide a basis for paying workers on a piece-work basis, and to determine bonuses for workers who were highly productive. The names associated with developing the scientific management approach include Frederick Taylor, Harrington Emerson, A. Hamilton Church, and Henry Townen. This approach included not only the development of work standards but also a new form of organization, supplementing the traditional operating or line functions with staff function designed â€Å"not to accomplish work, but to set up standards and ideals, so that the lin e may work more efficiently.The â€Å"scientific management† advocates also started the practice of measuring and allocating overhead costs to products. Innovations came primarily in deter-mining indirect costs or what was termed the â€Å"factory burden,† and in allocating both indirect and direct (or prime) costs to each of the different products produced by a plant or factory so as to develop still more accurate unit costs†¦. In a series of articles published in the Engineering Magazine in 1901, Alexander Church began to devise ways to account for a machine's â€Å"idle time,† for money lost when machines were not in use.Henry Gantt and others then developed methods of btaining standard costs based on standard volume of throughput by determining standard costs based on a standard volume of, say, 80 percent of capacity; these men defined the increased unit costs of running below standard volume as â€Å"unabsorbed bur-den† and decreased unit costs over that volume as â€Å"over-absorbed burden† [Chandler, 1977, pp. 278-279] (cited on R. kaplan 1984) Also, under performance of scientific management theory, a need for operative and perspective information has formed (Fleischman ; Tyson, (2007) cited on Darius Gliaubicas (2012)).Metcalfe ideas had high influence on cost accounting development. In his book â€Å"The cost of manufactures†, published in 1885, he discussed separation of direct and indirect costs in order to make ettective management decisions . Formation ot modern management accounting methods, were also influenced by General Motors ideas. In 1919 it was created promoting salary system; started implementing flexible budgets, developed transfer pricing method Du Pont Powder company, was one of the first USA companies, that started developing several activities at the same time Oohnson ; Kaplan, 1987).When company diversified its activities, management required such accounting system that ould help contr olling all products value chains, coordinate performance of individual subdivisions, while meeting owners' interests. Du Pont company's executives, wanted to control return on capital that owners invested, and at the same time Justify investment financing decisions. That is why was created ROI ratio. When World War I ended, cost accounting became a profession (Loft, 1990).Under the influence of great depression in 1933, USA government established mandatory provision, to form fair practice codex, which would include paying employees' reasonable wages and determining weekly working hours. Therefore cost accounting pecialists had to ensure two main functions, while following fair practice codex: (1) ensure, that prices would not be lower than prime costs and (2) to harmonize costs calculating rules and methods Oohnson & Kaplan. 1987).During World War II, the importance of standard cost accounting method has reduced, because government wanted to trade only with those companies, whose pr oduction costs were close to actual, not standard costs (Fleischman & Tyson, 2007). About 1954, management accounting definition was mentioned for the first time. In Simon (1954) research that included employees from 7 biggest USA companies, it was ound that management accounting information is used to fulfill three main control functions: (1) registering performance results, (2) managing attention and 3) solving problems.Performance results were given in financial reports. Attention managing was based on comparison of plans budgets and actual results. Problem solving function has been implemented by making decisions, such as: manufacture or buy, what if analysis or alternative pricing decisions. Also, a need to calculate direct production costs, to perform absorption and marginal costing has grown at about 1950 (Chatfield, 1977). In 1960s, when USA companies influence in worldwide economy has decreased, responsibility accounting has formed, which allowed determining who is responsi ble for individual scope (Kaplan, 1983).In 1970s first costs managing accounting methods were created. Activity based cost management method, and value adding costs and product lifecycle analysis methods were formed (Hoskin & Macve, 1988). In 1981 strategic management accounting definition was introduced. Management accounting purpose became helping company's management to manage its strategies Oohnson ; Kaplan, 1987). Porter (1985) created value chain model. Also, at 1985, competitors' analysis has grown stronger, because of five competitive forces, PEST and SWOT methods (Porter, 1985).These methods allowed assessing, not only company's internal environment, but also to foresee performance risk factors in external environment, this way creating a competitive advantage. In 1987, customers' profitability analysis was discussed (AnandaraJan & Christopher, p an & Norton ( ) created a balanced scorecard system, which allowed company's management to transform objectives provided in strat egy, vision and mission into performance indicators, which allow assessing the success of mplementing competitive performance strategy. Darius Gliaubicas (2012 P. 4-26) 3. Origin and Managerial Controlling Practices of Management Accounting In the period preceding the Industrial Revolution, economic advancement predominantly occurred in the Middle and Far East (Chatfield 1977 ). Some of the oldest surviving business records dace back to the Chaldean-Babylonian, Assyrian and Sumerian civilizations. Various types of service businesses and small industries were established and the oldest known commercial documents date from 3500 BC (Chatfield 1977:5). In Babylonia formal legal codes made record keeping compulsory.The most famous is the Code of Hanunurabi, which required that an agent selling goods for a merchant should give the merchant a sealed memorandum quoting prices. All these records were kept on clay tablets (Chatfield 1977:5) In Egypt the introduction of papyrus as a writing su rface made writing less cumbersome and permitted a wider use of supporting documents. Despite the early progress, the development virtually stagnated for several thousand years. This might be ascribed to the inability to express goods in terms of a single substance (monetary unit) (Chatfield 1977:7) (M. shotterl 999. p . 244).Once of the oldest and largest surviving records of a system of responsibility accounting was maintained by Zenon. a manager of a private estate of the finance minister of Ptolemy II in 256 BC. Each of the supervisors of the areas of the estate had to render frequent accounts of all transactions. The accounts were rised and audited on a regular basis. This form of accounting system spread throughout the Mediterranean and the Middle East and was later adopted and modified by the Romans. The essential aim of this form of accounting system was the protection of the property of the owners (M . hotter 1999 p. 4)1. None of the above ancient forms of accounting provid ed any aid for decision-making or resembled cost accounting. Until the Industrial Revolution, records did not allow for separate costing by product lines and mad: no distinction between capital and revenue expenditure. This resulted in an inability to estimate the profitability of a product, a capital investment or an increased investment in labour (Chatfield 1977:11) The Industrial Revolution which gained momentum roughly between 1760 and 1830 in this period accounting historian place the exact time as the origin of management accounting is 1812 (H.T. Johnson and R. S. Kaplan, 1987) the industrial revolution can be ascribed to a vast number of reasons, but the most well known arc the technical inventions that reformed the manufacturing world. These include the steam engine by James Viratt in 1765, the spinning Jenny by James Hargreaves between 1764 and 1767 and Arkwright's spinning frame in 1768 (Ashton 1948) This period Britain was also associated with a sharp growth in the popula tion, a more extensive use of capital, and the conversion of rural into urban communities as well as a rise in new social classes (Ashton 1948 ).In the United States of America the effect of the industrial Revolution was not as marked and immediate as in the United Kingdom. Although it did have an indirect effect on the US economy. the factors that had the most remarkable effect were the corning of the railways and the telegraph around 1840 (Chandler 1977). After 1840 and especially trom 860 the railways and the telegraph revolutionized t traditional ways of production and distribution.Coal provided a cheap and flexible source of energy which enabled the railways to provide the fast, regular and dependable transportation so essential to high volumes of production and istribution (Chandler 1977:79). Technological innovation, the expanding income per capita as well as the rapid growth of the poralation increased the complexity of existing production and distribution processes and incr eased the volume and the speed of transactions.The existing market mechanism was often no longer able to co-ordinate these transactions effectively. According to Chandler (1977:484 ) created a need for administrative co-ordination. To address this need entrepreneur's large multi-unit organizations and appointed managers to administer them. (M . shotter 1999 P. 1 5) According to traditional history management accounting evolved from the techniques of cost accounting that were developed in England before and during the Industrial Revolution (M. shotter 1999 p 216).The need for cost accounting developed when the double-entry bookkeeping system was not able to provide owners with product costs for purposes of pricing, particularly in the engineering sector. As engineering firms grew more and more competitive, cost estimates were needed for bidding on special contracts for which no market prices existed (Chatfield 1977:159). At that stage manufacturers guarded their cost methods as indus trial ecrets and bookkeeping texts generally ignored the subject (Chatfield 1977:1 59 ).Edwards, et al. (1995 ) suggest that management accounting was purely concerned with making the best use of available resources within certain constraints. Management accounting was viewed as an independent variable†, which passively served the needs of the organization and neither neither shaped nor was shaped by the organization or society Support for their view can be found in the number of case studies of archival records of organizations that operated before and during the Industrial Revolution in the United Kingdom.In 1740 the accountant of the Melincryddan Smelting Works distinguished between variable and fixed cost while deciding on the most profitable location, whilst Cyfartha Iron Works was recharging production overheads to cost centers and writing off general overheads to the profit and loss account in the 1790s (Comes 1996:16). Walsh & Stewart (1993) suggest that they found evi dence of the implementation of accounting systems for purposes of managerial control in two separate studies, carried out before and during the Industrial Revolution.In their study of the operations of the New Mills Woollen Manufactory for the period 1681 to 1703, they ound evidence of costing for purposes of pricing as well as information to control the flow of material. At New Lanark Cotton Factory, which was studied from 1800 to 1812, they found a much more sophisticated system of control over not only materials but also over the laborers. Accounting was used for the purpose of measuring productivity as well as to control the behavior of laborers (Walsh & Stewart 1993:790).Edwards et at. (1995: 6) ascribe the difference between their view of the origin of management accounting and the other views mentioned below to the differences in environmental circumstances between countries. They contrast the long industrial history, steady rate ot economic development and relatively ample s upply of labour of the United Kingdom with the United States where industrial development started much later and industrialization took place more rapidly against a background of labour shortages.Edwards et at. (1995) are also of the opinion that it is unduly restrictive to equate the development of management accounting to the use of accounting information to control human activity. As discussed above, they advocate a much broader role for management accounting. M. shotter1999 . P217) Chandler (1977) disagrees with the aforementioned view of management accounting being an â€Å"independent variable† and suggests that it played an important role in the development of the giant firm.According to him modern cost accounting originated during the middle of the nineteenth century with the advent of the railways and later the chemical, steel and metal working industries in the United States of America. These organizations were growing in size and their processes were growing in com plexity, creating a need for cost information to determine prices and evaluate the performance of the businesses.He is of the opinion that management accounting did not merely arise because the growing organization needed it, but that it facilitated this growth by means of focusing attention on the advantages of buying internally rather than through the market. Chandler also suggests that management accounting was not merely applied for the purpose of product costing, but also to aid internal control. Williamson's (1975) transaction cost theory supports Chandler's view. He suggests that management accounting is a means of determining the prices of products in large corporations in the absence of a market system.The cost of co-ordination internal transactions by means of management accounting is lower than the cost incurred when entering into these transactions through the market, thus Justifying its existence. A study by Fleischman, Hoskin & Macve (1995)(cited on M. shotter1999) of the Boulton & Watt engineering practice during the beginning of the eighteenth century revealed that costing techniques to determine piece rates for laborers were ‘once-off exercises to establish fair prices, and thereafter only received sporadic attention.Based on these findings, they essentially agree with Chandler (1977), Williamson 1975) and Johnson and Kaplan (1987) that entrepreneurs did not really need cost accounting, as long as they were paying market prices for the output of each worker. Similarly, Fleischman et al. (1995: 171) agree that detailed attention to the efficiency and control of labour was only required when entrepreneurs took the manufacturing process out of the hands of contractors and brought the workforce under their direct control.To sum up all evolution of management we should analyses four stage as follows The demand for information for internal planning and control apparently arose in he first half of the 19th century when firms, such as textile mi lls and rail-roads, had to devise internal administrative procedures to coordinate the multiple processes involved in the pertormance ot the basic activity (the conversion ot raw materials into finished goods by textile mills, the transportation of passengers and freight by the railroads). In the first stage, management accounting is seen as a technical activity necessary for the pursuit of the organizational objectives while in the second stage it is seen as a management activity performing a staff role to support line management hrough the provision of information for planning and control. In the third and fourth stages management accounting is seen as an integral part of the management process With improved technology, information is available in real time to all levels of management.The focus, therefore, shifts from the provision of information to the use of the available resources to create value for all the stakeholders. Figure 1 shows four stages of management accounting evol ution and how each stage encapsulates the previous ones. 3. Reduction of waste of business resources 4. Creation of value through effective use of resources Source: IFAC, 1998: 6. imported from (Nelson Maina Waweru,2010 p . 167) Fig. 1 . The evolution of management accounting 4. Management Accounting Theories Regardless of how management accounting emerged, the economic framework played a central role in shaping it.Other subject areas, such as management science, organization theory and lately behavioral sciences were undoubtedly present, but economics and specially the marginal list principles of neoclassical economics, had the dominant influence in the last century. The evolution of management accounting in the last century can be also assessed on historical grounds. Figure 2 below shows our main theoretical frameworks that can be used to describe the development of management accounting. They are then discussed in the subsections that follow. 2 Management accounting development : theoretical tramework 4. 1 Old conventional wisdom. Traditional textbooks have a list of topics that, despite the differences in orientation, are common to all. It is agreed that the final developments in management accounting occurred in the early decades of the twentieth century to support the growth of multi-activity and diversified corporations such as Du Pont (Kaplan, 1982 and 1984; Scapens, 1985; Boritz, 1988; Johnson and Kaplan, 1987; Atkinson, 1989; and Puxty, 1993) cited on(Nelson Maina Waweru, 2010) .This stage is based on the absolute truth approach and principles of management which were rooted in an engineering view. Giglioni and Bedeian (1974) cited on (Nelson Maina Waweru, 2010) provide a good overview of the roots of management control issues that lie in early managerial thought. Emerson (1912)( cited on Nelson Maina Waweru, 2010) may be credited with the first meaningful contribution to the development of 20th century management control theory, in ‘The Twelve Principles of Efficiency where he heavily stresses the importance of control.Church (1914) cited on (Nelson Maina Waweru, 2010) also contributed to the development of early management control theory; for him one of five organic functions of administration was control, identified as the mechanism that coordinates all the other functions and in addition supervises their work. Fayol (1949) cited on (Nelson Maina Waweru, 2010) identified control as one of the five functions of management, control being the verification of whether everything occurs in conformity with the plan adopted, the instructions issued and principles established.It is interesting to note that Lawson 1920) cited on (Nelson Maina Waweru, 2010) wrote the first text devoted entirely to the subject of management control, while Urwick (1928) cited on (Nelson Maina Waweru, 2010) became the first author to identify a set of five control principles: responsibility, evidence, uniformity, comparison and utility. One of the f irst empirical studies of corporate organization and control was performed by Holden, Fish and Smith (1941), where one of its conclusions was that control is a prime responsibility of top management.Historical studies have played a conspicuous role in management accounting in recent years. Both research and practice have been strongly influenced by Kaplan (1984) and Johnson and Kaplan (1987), cited on (Nelson Maina Waweru, 2010) who call for more relevant product costing. As a precedent, Chandler (1962 and 1977) cited on (Nelson Maina Waweru, 2010) showed the importance of cost and management control information to support the growth of large transportation, production and distribution enterprises during the perid of 1850-1925.Management accounting systems evolved in the late 1880s to provide information about internal transactions, and by mid 1920s they were being used for diverse activities like lanning, controlling, motivating, analyzing and evaluating (Boritz, 1988). Johnson (19 81 and 1983), Johnson and Kaplan (1987) and Lee (1987) cited on (Nelson Maina Waweru, 2010) made a convincing case for the development of managerial accounting practices in the US. 4. 2 Agency theory. The irruption of economics in the field led academicians to work on very elegant Mathematical models.Agency theory and transaction costs are a refinement of the mathematical modeling based on economic concepts and theory. The agency theory assumes that there exists a contractual relationship between members of a firm. It recognizes the existence of two groups of people; principals or superiors and agents or subordinates. The principals will delegate decision making authority to the agents and expect them to perform certain functions in return for a reward.Both the principals and the agents are assumed to be rational economic persons motivated solely by self-interest but may differ with respect to preferences, beliefs and information densen and Meckling, 1976) cited on (Nelson Maina Waw eru, 2010). The principal/ agent relationship can exist throughout any organization and usually starts from the shareholder director nd ends with the supervisor-shop floor worker. In an organization context, which involves uncertainty and asymmetric information, the agent's actions may not always be directed to the best interests of the principal.Agents' pursuit of their self interest instead of those of the principal is what is called the agency problem densen and Meckling, 1976) cited on (Nelson Maina Waweru, 2010) to counter this behavior, the principal may monitor the agents' performance through an accounting information system. The owner can also limit such aberrant behavior by incurring auditing, ccounting and monitoring costs and by establishing, also at a cost, an appropriate incentive scheme densen and Meckling, 1976). ited on (Nelson Maina Waweru, 2010) Agency theory is based on several assumptions: Individuals are assumed to be rational and to have unlimited computational ability. They can anticipate and assess the probability of all possible future contingencies. The contracts are assumed to be costless and accurately enforceable by courts. The contracts are expected to be comprehensive and complete in the sense that for each verifiable event, they specify the actions to be taken by the contracting parties. However, this assumption may not hold in most developing countries where Judicial systems still lack the necessary resources to act efficiently.Both principals and agents are motivated solely by self- interest. The agent is assumed to have private information to which the principal cannot gain access without cost. The agent is usually assumed to be work averse and risk adverse (Batman, 1990: 343) cited on (Nelson Maina Waweru, 2010). Furthermore, agency theory concentrates on problems encountered by the owner when the manager relies on asymmetric information to cheat and shrink (Mackintosh, 1994). Asymmetric information is not a one-way street a s is assumed by agency theory.Owners would also have access to private information, which they would use in negotiating contracts. However, according to Baiman(1990), the above criticisms are less compelling if we view the principal-agent model as a frame work for analyzing issues and highlighting problems which arise and must be considered in applying managerial accounting procedures to real world situations. Consequently, agency theory offers insights into some of the tough issues and difficult problems involved in he design of management accounting systems. . 3 Contingency theory. The contingent control literature is based on the premise that a correct match between contingent factors and a firm's control package will result in desired outcomes. Contingencytheory explains how an appropriate accounting information system can be designed to match the organization structure, technology, strategy and environment of the firm. It suggests that universal applications are inappropriate a nd a framework for analysis is developed to suggest alternative performance measures,

Man Vs Nature Conflicts

Hu musical compositionitys progress, positi solitary(prenominal) since the mid-19th century, has been by and larger the take of our tycoon to get and office what planet Earth has to offer. All told, the solid aliment we eat, the timber we cut, and the weewee we draw amounts to an amazing one and only(a)-third to one-half of orbiculate ecosystem production. but universe argon part of spirit, and cargon every other species on the planet, we get upon healthy ecosystems for our survival. Nature provides us essentials bid clean water, food, medicines, even recreational retreats.Intact ecosystems alike help regulate our weather and mood. only these systems are extremely fragile, and were only presently beginning to nether stem the myriad interactions and interdep reverseencies that let them. And we k immediately that once they are gone, in that respect are no replacements. Changing our behaviour and needs to preserve these Earths ecosystems result be n all easy nor inexpensive. entirely if we are to feed, clothe, and care for ourselves into the future, taking drastic travel will be essential. . service while- Nature interactionMan and reputation interact dialectically in much(prenominal)(prenominal) a way that, as nine develops, man tends to become less certified on reputation directly, while indirectly his dependence grows. This is understandable. While he is capture to know more(prenominal) and more active nature, and on this basis trans wee-weeing it, mans power oer nature progressively increases, but in the same ferment, man comes into more and more extensive and profound contact with nature, communicate into the sphere of his activity growing quantities of matter, muscularity and information.Why exactly do we tenders affirm much(prenominal)(prenominal) an incredibly large incline on other species and the internal reality? We are unique among animal species in that we survive and re asseverate in a wide change of sur rounds with heathen adaptations. In contrast, other species are in the first place able to survive and reproduce collect to biological adaptations that result from eons of lifelike selection and biological evolution. The pagan adaptations of domain substantiate allowed them to colonize nearly every ecosystem geek on Earth. In addition, pagan innovations open allowed the tender-hearted cosmos to grow exponentially for millennia.Such sustained nation return is uncomparable by any other species on the planet. The population of a typical species grows until it reaches the carrying faculty of its surroundings, then levels off or declines. In other words, it grows until it is fully utilizing the available resources, such as food and space. At this intimate mechanisms such as disease and starvation keep the population from continuing to grow. However, we humans waste responded to resource scarcity with cultural practices and technologies that increase the availability of resources.We raise our food on farms and live in multi-story flatcar buildings, increasing the carrying capacity of the environment for humans. This harvesting resolutionually requires yet more cultural adaptations to increase resources, and the alteration of the inwrought environment and the rate of cultural evolution is accelerated. presently the global human population is large full and the technologies that allow humans to circumvent the environment are potent enough that human-caused alterations to the biosphere are causing the quenching of numberless wildlife species.If present trends incur-to doe with, there will be an eventual crash in the human population that will bring groovy suffering and cause widespread environmental damage. This is the root cause of the modern environmental crisis. This deals with how we got into the present situation from the perspective of cultural interactions with wildlife and wild lands coflicts conflict bear be explained as the struggle in the midst of dickens class or group. In this rise we give the gate see the differences that are a raised between man and nature.Since nature from the birth of earth the nature had a major role playing in every hotshot aspect of biography life on earth. as man develops slowly by improving solar day by day the destruction of nature started. Man learned to develop the germ which helped both the environment by improving its greenery and man by his efforts. Man vs nature conflict occurs when a particular character is opposed to natures forces. It is the conflict between nature itself, and mankind as we continue our relentless expansion, coupled with our all overwhelming neediness of compassion for any other form of life.A prime example of one such battle is that which currently rages in The Serengeti guinea pig Park. Currently, the Tanzanian government, despite earlier reports to the contrary, intends to surface the road which runs across 50 km of the park. The a nnual migrations in this region implicate more than 1. 5 million animals, primarily wildebeests and zebras. These annual migrations are considered one of the considerable natural wonders of the world. The paving of this road would fall in dire consequences, both to the migrating herds and the topical anesthetic environment itself.The entraps could be devastating to the natural balance throughout the area. The road would bring increased traffic, almost certainly resulting in massive loss of life to the herds. But as tragic as this would be, it is non the sole repercussion that would ensue A. overexploitation The exploitation of natural resources started to emerge in the 19th century as natural resource extraction developed. During the 20th century, zip outgo quickly increased. Today, about 80% of the worlds energy consumption is sustained by the extraction of fossil fuels, which consists of oil, coal and gas.Another non-renewable resource that is exploited by humans are Su bsoil minerals such as precious metals that are mainly used in the production of industrial commodities. Intensive agriculture is an example of a mode of production that hinders many aspects of the natural environment, for example the degradation of timbers in a terrestrial ecosystem and water pollution in an aquatic ecosystem. As the world population rises and economic growth occurs, the depletion of natural resources influenced by the unsustainable extraction of raw materials becomes an increasing busy deforestation.Deforestation, clearance or clearing is the remotion of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use. 1 Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. Urbanization (or urbanisation) refers to the increasing number of people that live in urban areas. It predominantly results in the physical growth of urban areas, be it horizontal or vertical. The United Nations projected that half o f the worlds population would live in urban areas at the end of 2008. 1 By 2050 it is predicted that 64.1% and 85. 9% of the develop and developed world respectively will be urbanized.Urbanization is closely associationed to modernization, industrialization, and the sociological process of rationalization. Urbanization foundation portray a specific condition at a set time, i. e. the proportion of amount population or area in cities or towns, or the term can describe the increase of this proportion over time. So the term urbanization can represent the level of urban maturement relative to overall population, or it can represent the rate at which the urban proportion is increasing.MARKET PRESSURES increase in commercialization, intensification and privatization of local economies, growing integration of national and global economies, economic reforms refer to market pressure. The make of such conflicts is extensive. One needs only turn on the news or read a local idea to find stories of such conflicts between man and nature. It is impossible to affect one link in the chain which comprises a tending(p) environment without incurring disastrous ramifications. gracious beings are the ultimate embodiment of this evil potential on the planet.Our encroachment uponand in far too many instances in a flash destruction of various delicate habitats is substantially enter and comes in a variety of forms. These include population growth touch upon an animals natural habitat, destruction of the environment itself through pollution of the air, soil and water, disruption of migratory patterns, over fishing and hunting, deforestation and poaching. world as a whole is the single greatest contributor to ecological asymmetry on the planet. Why resources are under pressure? Increase in the mundaneness of technology enabling natural resources to be extracted quickly and efficiently.E. g. , in the past, it could take foresighted hours just to cut down one tree only using saws. callable to increased technology, rates of deforestation have greatly increased A rapid increase in population that is now decreasing. The current number of 7. 132 billion humans consume many natural resources. Cultures of consumerism. cautious views lead to the mining of gold and diamonds to produce jewelry, unnecessary commodities for human life or advancement. Excessive demand often leads to conflicts due to intense competition. Organizations such as international Witness and the United Nations have documented the connection.Non-equitable distribution of resources.CONSEQUENCESThe Holocene liquidation, sometimes called the Sixth Extinction, is a name proposed to describe the extinction event of species that has occurred during the present Holocene epoch (since around 10,000 BC). The Holocene extinction includes the disappearance of large mammals known as megafauna, starting between 9,000 and 13,000 years ago, the end of the last Ice Age. This may have been due to the extinction of the mammoth that had kept up(p) grasslands that became birch forests without the mammoths.The new forest and the resulting forest fires may have induced humour change. 3 Such disappearances might be the result of the proliferation of modern humans which led to climate change. These extinctions, occurring near the PleistoceneHolocene boundary, are sometimes referred to as the Quaternary extinction event. The Holocene extinction continues into the 21st century Erosion is the process by which soil and rock are removed from the Earths surface by exogenetic processes such as wind or water flow, and then transported and deposited in other locations.Industrial agriculture, deforestation, roads, anthropogenic climate change and urban sprawling are amongst the most significant human activities in regard to their effect on stimulating erosion.CONCLUSIONConversely, to be honest, we are the species that holds the ability to have the greatest positive effect upon this w orlds ecosystems. We have it within us to either save or destroy. The ability and the excerpt is ours. We as a species need to acquire an environmental conscience an awareness to begin with our own shortsightedness and apathy blame us and our fellow denizens of this world to extinction.

ICT Meeting Special Needs Essay

IntroductionIn this report I will describe a wide incline of technologies which Tony Mcnulty, who is dis adaptedd, with an evaluation of the extent to which these accumulate their postulate. Tony is paralyzed so he send emergeside no longer accustom his hands and legs properly. Some epochs Tony washbasin non hear in truth wellhead some measures and has to pass water sentences repeated to him several times. Tony was moodyicially an fashion designer scarce he fell off a building site whilst on a agate line enterprise. He now redeems his staff to go on sites and he draws the designs at home. Tony is cared for by his br early(a) and is married with three children. Tony normally goes egress with his friends to pubs and clubs with pile with similar disabilities. applied science 1Electronic WheelchairAn electronic wheelchair is a wheelchair which lend oneselfs a battery (usually a gel cell or wet cell) that must be re-charged on a regular basis. These roles of wheelcha irs are signifi lingoly heavier than most(prenominal) manual wheelchairs beca map they must ho habituate both(prenominal) the battery weight and the weight of whatever superfluous adaptive equipment.AdvantagesThe payoffs of electronic wheelchairs are that they are supply by a battery which kernel less(prenominal) physical aim of the bole for those who find it unwaveringly to use their hands properly. some other advantage of electronic wheelchairs is that thither is no need for some single to swear bug knocked out(p) you dope go by yourself. some other advantage is that it easier passing play uphill because you are not employ up whatsoever of your energy.DisadvantagesThe disadvantages of electronic wheelchairs are that they stinkernot be folded like manual wheelchairs so this may be a trouble in small houses. Another disadvantage is that the battery runs out and involve to be charged so you fag not run low far without it needing a recharge.Personal of necessi tyAn electronic wheelchair meets Tonys person-to-person ask because he sessful go out anywhere he wants to go without the need of assistance from anyone. He similarly goes out and does shopping if his carers are not at home.An electronic wheelchair meets Tonys face-to-face needs because Tony has the chance to go out for fresh air for longer and to a prominenter extent(prenominal) often because if Tony used a manual wheelchair he gets tired of moving it with his hands so would so start to go patronise home. Another in the flesh(predicate) use that Tony uses the wheelchair for is to go shopping, the wheelchair allows him to do this on his own, as it spate invert to reach products on high up shelves and it stinker in addition wage hike steps, convey that he ordure go shopping some anywhere without world assisted by a family portion or a friend to tending him. barely with his power wheelchair he goes out for a surge longer but he has to be back home before t he battery runs out. paygrade of how it meets his personal needsIt can be found from the personal needs above that the Electronic wheelchair fairly impelling at coming together Tonys needs. This is because Tony needs the wheelchair to be able to run for at least 6 or 7 hours at the time, and it can do this truly easily, this is as the battery brio of the galvanising wheelchair is reasonably long and it can allow Tony to stay on on the trigger off for long periods of time. withal because the cast off of the Wheelchair is so strong, it allows him to do a plenty of things. For pillow slip the wheelchair has the ability to grow steps, and without the strong frame it would entirely break a ruin at a lower place Tonys weight, so therefore the strong frame allows the technology to meet his needs purge more effectively as it proves that it is dependable and will not crack under pressure. Electric wheelchair is mainly positive, however it has some problems, one being that be cause it is so heavy due to its alloy frame, Tony finds it clayey to travel with it meaning that he cant rightfully go on holiday on his own or even fold it away when he is at home, although he never really does as he cant walk. This means that the voltaic wheelchair is not completely victorious at meeting Tonys needs, but it is the best thing for it as other forms of wheelchair simply do not take over enough functions to second Tony. amicable ineluctablyAn electronic wheelchair meets Tonys accessible needs because he can take it to go out with his friends and family on outings. He also doesnt set about to worry closely the battery running out because his friends or family members crowd him home whenever this does happen.Electronic wheelchairs allow Tony to more bring out time because he is going out with his friends so he can get to the destination hurrying rather than pushing a manual wheelchair or so and having to hang in for quick breaks when he gets tired. He can also set other dates to go out on his days off. The galvanising wheelchair has quickly come an integral part of his social a deceaseness as it simply has allowed him to do things he was not able to do before, such as going out for a drink or even going to go and watch a football accord with his mates. As the Technology meets this need, it gives him the opportunity to go out with friends to bars and restaurants, which is his main social need. rating of how it meets his Social needsThe Electric wheelchair is almost perfect at meeting Tonys social needs as it has almost all the properties needed to meet his social needs. Due to its reasonably long battery life it allows him to successfully meet his social needs, such as going out for lengthy periods of time, giving him more time to enjoy himself. The electric wheelchair is one of his most helpful tools that help him conquer his disability, but even this technology has some problems. For example due to it being instead stark because it is vulnerable to faults, such as the brakes not operate oning.Professional NeedsTony uses his electronic wheelchair in his professional life because he cant walk properly genuinely a ingenuous deal without take placeing so he takes his electronic wheelchair to hit so he can tone most the building site properlyAn electronic wheelchair meets Tonys professional needs because he can look nigh the building site properly without having to report his staff to look around all of the time and switch suggestions. The electric wheelchair is a vital part of Tonys black marketplace, in terms of mobility. As I have said earlier, Tony is an architect, and this involves a large subject of tasks that are almost impossible for him. Especially the electric wheelchair, it allows him to perform the most crucial part of being an architect. It lets him get to sites on time and then conk around the site so that he can go by on top of all his jobs and do it on his own, as the wheel chair allows him to feign freely in and around his workplace. Another grand need of Tony that he has at work is that he needs to be able to go up whole steps to sight sites which require wage increaseing paces so his wheelchair allows him to climb stairs as it has this function, meaning that he can get around work without having to get state to carry him up stairs. evaluation of how it meets his professional needsOverall the technology is very(prenominal) effective at meeting Tonys professional needs. It gives him the opportunity to move around building sites freely as the wheelchair can get with the tightest spaces, meaning that is effective at meeting his need off moving around building sites effectively. Also because the battery life of the wheelchair is quite long it can get him through the fair(a) 9 to 5 day and even more as it is possible for the day to be delayed. because the electric wheelchair helps Tony get through any un-suspected surprises that mogul come up at work. This makes the wheelchair very bona fide as it is not only mobile but very reliable and Tony can almost forever depend on it. Although the wheelchair is very acceptable at meeting Tonys work needs, it lacks a a couple of(prenominal) things, for example, if Tony had a worst job he would not be able to afford the wheelchair that he has and he might not be able to keep his job without it. Also because the wheelchair can be dangerous sometimes, he often needs the help of colleagues to help him out in certain situations, such as opening doors or getting master stairs.Technology 2braille KeyboardThe transliterate keyboard was designed to hold in the development of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Cumulative combat injury Disorders, repetitive Motion Syndrome, Repetitive Strain Disorders and Repetitive Stress Injuries, and other injuries. Your entire upper body and arms are relaxed as your wrists remain on-key while you type.AdvantagesThe advantages of a Braille keyboard are that it helps stop the development of many diseases which may economize you rafts of pain in the future.DisadvantagesThe main disadvantage of a Braille keyboard is that it costs more than a old-hat keyboard so this may be a problem for state that cant work.Personal NeedsTony uses his Braille keyboard in his free time when he is using his computer at home he mainly uses it to browse the internet. He also uses it to type letter to companies and spreadsheets for tax purposes.A Braille keyboard meets Tonys personal needs because he uses the internet on a daily basis. Although he can use a standard keyboard it puts lots of strain in his hands so he then has to stop. Another need it meets is that it allows him to use a computer that he can surf the internet and do any other things he may want to do. Also a Braille keyboard allows him to make notes and type earn to people through meaning that he no longer has to rely on a notepad and pen.Evaluation of how it meets his personal needsThe Br aille keyboard is very successful at meeting Tonys personal needs. This is because it allows him to do a lot of things he was otiose to do before on his own, primarily communicating with people in spare time which he was unable to do before due to his disability. Also the situation that he no longer has to rely on people to help him around the house means that the Braille Keyboard does its job really well when he is actually spending time on the computer. The Braille keyboard is also very successful at meeting Tonys personal needs as he can connect it to his wheelchair and have it with him almost everywhere, meaning that not only can he be independent at home but also outside the home. Therefore he can use it like a laptop. Although the Braille keyboard seems to be great it has some setbacks. For example it is very expensive and Tony had to pull round every penny to get it, meaning that there was a chance he could not get the keyboard. This is because he has already had to invest in other expensive technologies to meet his needs such as the Electronic wheelchair.Professional NeedsThe Braille keyboard has in the end become the heart of Tonys workplace as it allows him to do his job in almost the resembling way as he used to do before he sustained his disability. The keyboard gives him the opportunity to go to building sites again and to continue his job as he used to, maybe not as fast as before and with a some mistakes but there is no doubt that slowly it allows him to get back to a normal architects organization. beingness a architect also involves a lot of computer insert and the Braille keyboard allows him to do it very easily so he can input as much information as he wants into any kinds of types of programs, such as typing letters in Microsoft Word or creating spreadsheets in Microsoft Excel.Evaluation of how it meets his professional needsThe Braille keyboard is efficient at meeting Tonys work needs. It gives him the chance to at one time again have the same work life as he had before his accident by allowing him to do things that are grave to his job that he could not do without it. For example with the keyboard he can still create designs which are required of him as an architect. Therefore this allows him to do his job even though he has a disability. Also because it can be connected to a computer it allows him to complete any computer input he may have at his office without the use of extra technologies such as a tracker ball mouse or a single fingered keyboard, meaning that it is very effective as it incorporates a few technologies in one. However the Braille keyboard sometimes has problems inputting information into a computer as he sometimes finds it hard to fully control his hands meaning that the Braille keyboard is not always fully successful at meeting Tonys work needs.Technology 3Stair bootA stair overcharge is for people who cannot use their own feet to climb the stairs or for people who sometimes get airh eaded whilst climbing the stairs.AdvantagesThe advantages of stair knock offs are that you can climb the stairs without being afraid that you will fall and you can climb the stairs any time of the day without the worry of possibly having to climb the stairs.DisadvantagesThe disadvantages of stair processions are that most stair scams are very expensive to buy and maintain. Another disadvantage is that if the acme stops on the job(p) the person may not be able to climb the stairs until the nip and tuck is back working.Personal NeedsTony uses a stair lift personally as he has to climb the stairs to go to any of the inhabits. He also has to have a shower upstairs so he uses the lift many times a day. Tony also has to use the lift to get to his bedchamber when he is going to sleep.A stair lift meets Tonys personal needs because he uses the lift many times a day and cannot live in his own house without it. Tony has to use the lift every day and several times a day. Also the stair lift has allowed him to and from his own room as he can now use the stair lift without the fear of falling down the stairs. The stair lift can also be used by him to communicate with friends through email, as he has to climb the stairs to get to his computer.Evaluation of how it meets his personal needsThe single finger keyboard is good at meeting at Tonys needs, this is as the stair lift is very at large(p) to use and it takes little time to get used to in operation(p) it. This means that Tony learns how to use more and more technologies so if he bought another similar technology it would not be very hard for him to use as he can quickly learn the ins and outs of this easy to device. The stair lift is also very good at meeting Tonys personal needs as it is reasonably cheap and he doesnt have to spend large amounts of cash in order to be able to climb stairs, this allows him to save money for more essential things.Professional NeedsTony uses the stair lift for a number of importa nt work needs. One of the most important was that the stair lift allowed him to get to his office on the secondment floor of his home, meaning that he could do his job again even though at a slower pace.Another need that it met was that he could manoeuver documents whilst on the stair lift without needing someone to help him. Also with the help of the stair lift he can gain access to his computer which is also in his office so he can once again type letters to clients and business partners without having someone to do it for him, meaning that he can do most of the real important things that an architect has to do.Evaluation of how it meets his professional needsThe stair lift is good at meeting his work needs as it allows him to do one of the most important architect tasks, which are computer designs. This means that his work life can go back to an almost normal state, as the stair lift is very good at helping him work through the disability and resuming a almost normal working li fe. Without the stair lift he would have had to move his office downstairs then he would have had to sacrifice one of the rooms downstairs to make way for his office. Due to the large amounts of work that have to be done in a architects office, the keyboard much has to be maintained as it is cheap split and it can easily break, meaning that it could break at any moment, not letting Tony work until he gets a replacement or he has to keep back for an engineer to fix it for him. Therefore the stair lift doesnt completely meet Tonys work needs.